感叹句(exclamation 或Exclamatory sentences)有多种表现形式,有时一个单词、短语或一个词组也可成为感叹句。如:Hello!(你好!),The design and the colours!(多美丽的图案和色彩啊!);有时陈述句、疑问句以及
祈使句也可以转化成感叹句,如:What a nice boy!(多好的孩子!)How can you be so silly!(你怎么这么傻!)Don’t go with us!(别跟我们一起去!)。尽管感叹句的表现形式多种多样,但主要的表现形式只有两种,即what和how引导的感叹句。what修饰名词(名词前可加冠词和形容词),how修饰形容词、副词或动词。感叹句除了可以由how和what引导外,还有许多其他形式,可以用
陈述句、疑问句、
祈使句,有时甚至是一个单词或是一个短语也可以是一个感叹句。通常用how,what。
结构
1.① What+a/an+(形容词)+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!
② What+名词词组+主语+谓语!
如: What a fine day it is!
2. What+(形容词)+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语!
如: What kind women they are!
What nice music it is!
二、由
How引导的感叹句。(how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。)
1.How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语!
如: How hard the workers are working!
How clever the girl is!
How quickly the boy is writing!
2. How+主语+谓语!
如:How time flies! 时光飞逝!
三、注意:
1. 当how修饰动词时,动词不跟着感叹词提到主语之前。
如: How time flies!
2. how与what引导的感叹句中的第一种格式(
单数名词)一般情况下可以相互转换,转换后意义不变。
如: What an interesting story it is! = How interesting the story is!
What a beautiful building it is! = How beautiful the building is!
3. 在口语中,感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略。
如: What a nice present!(省略it is)
How disappointed!(省略she is或其它可作本句主、谓的词语)
间接引语
直接引语是感叹句时,若要变作
间接引语,通常用引述动词
tell,
exclaim等。如:
■ “What a brave boy you are!” she told him. “你是一个多么勇敢的男孩子啊!”她告诉他说。
→She told him what a brave boy he was. 她告诉他说他是一个多么勇敢的男孩子。
■He said, “Hurrah! My friend is coming.” 他说道,“好哇!我的朋友来了。”
→He exclaimed with delight that his friend was coming. 他欢呼他的朋友来了。(引述动词用exclaim, 并加状语with delight)
当然,也可用其他一些引述动词。如:
■He said, “
Alas! How foolish I have been!” 他说道,“哎,我多傻啊!”
→He confessed with regret that he had been very foolish. 他痛悔地承认他太傻了。(引述动词用confess加状语with regret)
■“What a crime he has committed!” she said. “他犯了多大的罪啊!”她说道。
→She didn’t know what a crime he had committed. 她不知道他犯了那么大的罪。(引述动词用know的否定式)
有时也可以不用引述动词,如:
■“How fast she can run!” he says. “她竟能跑得那样快!”他说道。
→It’s incredible how fast she can run. 她跑得如此之快令人不可置信。(用it’s incredible表示说话人的神情)
■He said to them all, “Good-bye, my friends!” 他对他们说道,“再见,我的朋友们!”
→He bade good-bye to all his friends. 他向他的所有朋友道别。(这里连间接引语也省略了)
相关语法
关于感叹句 what 和 how 的区别:
可数名词前要加
不定冠词a/an,复数可数名词或
不可数名词前不用
冠词。这类句子的结构形式是:
what+(a/an)+
adj.+n.+主语+谓语(it is就是主语加谓语).
如: ① What a clever girl she is! 多么聪明的姑娘呀!
谓语动词用
系动词;如果how修饰副词,则句中的谓语动词用
行为动词,这类句子的结构形式是:
How+adj.(adv.)+主语+谓语 (it is就是主语加谓语).
如:① How cold it is today!
今天多么冷呀!
三、在表示同一意义时,英语感叹既
① What a hot day it is!
How hot the day is !(is 可要可不要)
四、感叹句在表示激动强烈的感情时,口语中常常采用
省略句,其后面的主语和谓语往往略去不讲。
如:① What a fine day! 多么晴朗的天呀!
其他用法补充
To sell such a cheap suit as that to a millionaire 竟然把这样一套衣服卖给一位百万富翁!
To think that I shall never see her again!真没想到我再也见不到她了!
To think of my leaving the umbrella in the train! 真没想到我把伞落到火车上了!
2、so和such引起的感叹句
The little boy is so clever!这个男孩真聪明!
It was such terrible writing!写得真糟糕!
3、That引起的感叹句
That引起的感叹句,表示愿望、遗憾。
That it should ever come to this!事情竟会弄到这种地步!
That she were here!她在这该多好!
4、if 或if only 引起的感叹句
If I haven't lost my watch!我的表要是不丢该多好!
If only I knew!要是我知道该多好。
5、who 引起的感叹句
以who起首引起的感叹句表示惊奇。
Who would have thought it!谁能想得到啊!
Who else could have done it!还有谁会做这件事!
6、短语感叹句
At last! At last!终于盼到了!
Thirty years! Such a long time!30年了!多么长的时间呀!
The grass and the rising sun!多么青的草地,多么明媚的晨光!
Hasn't she grown!她长这么大了!
Am I silly!我真傻!
Aren't you lucky!你真走运!
注意事项
1.how与what有时可以互换,句意相同。例如:
How clever a girl she is! = What a clever girl she is!
What delicious cakes these are! = How delicious these cakes are!
2.how或what引导的感叹句在表示强烈激动的感情时,在特定的语境中常用省略句,其后面的主语和谓语往往略去。例如:
How wonderful!
What a fine day!
3. how或what引导的感叹句通常用
感叹号;但当表示感情程度不很强烈时,how或what引导的感叹句也可以用句号,读时一般用感叹调。例如:
How good you are to me.
What a lovely smell.
4.how或what引导的感叹句本身表达一种强烈的感情,一般不含有very、
rather、
quite、extremely
等词,以免语意重复。例如不说:
* How very fast he runs!
* What extremely beautiful flowers they are!
5.著名学者
周海中教授在1984年发表的《浅谈What和How引导的感叹句》一文中指出:how或what引导的感叹句一般不用于
否定式。例如不说:
* How hard they
didn't work!
* What dirty water they didn't drink!
6.周海中教授还指出:为了使句子的感叹力得到进一步的加强, how或what前面还可以加感叹词ah、oh等。他举了实例:
Ah, how I love her! (C.
Dickens: David Copperfield)
Oh, what an accomplishment! (D. Lawrence: Aaron's Rod)
7.英语专家
费致德教授在1981年出版的《
现代英语惯用法词典》一书中指出:在口语里,为了强调起见,how或what引导的感叹句可以改为感叹词+谓语+主语。例如:
How impressive was the play!
What a fool is he!