时态(tense)是一种动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。它是表示
行为、
动作、
状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式,在英语中有16种时态。
名词解释
下面就英语中常见的十种基本时态进行阐述,其它的时态都是在这十种时态的基础上结合而成的。
在语法里,时或时态表示行为发生的时间和说话时的关系。一般分为
过去式、现在式、将来式,通常也有与表示动作进行或终止的进行式和完成式等体貌一起相连用的情况。
时态连同语气、语态、体貌和人称为动词形式至少可能能够表现出的5种语法特性。
有些语言,没有时态的使用,如
分析语的中文,但必要时,仍有时间
副词的辅助。也有些语言,如日文,形容词的
词形变化能表达出时间上的资讯,有着类似动词的时态性质。还有些语言,如俄文,一个单词就能表现出时态和体貌。
种类
所谓“时”就是行为发生的时段或状态存在的时段,有完成状态、进行状态、完成进行状态或一般状态四种。由时和态结合,便形成下列十六种时态:
现在时
一般现在时
1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为某种状况。
2.时间状语:always,usually,often,sometimes,every week (day,year,month…),once a week,on Sundays,
3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如
主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)
4.否定形式:am/is/are+not;此时态的
谓语动词若为
行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.
一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用
助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
6.例句:.
It seldom snows here.
He is always ready to help others.
Action speaks louder than words.
7.用法
(1)表示经常性的动作或状态
表示经常性动作或状态时,常与often,always,usually,sometimes,every day等时间状语连用。如:
The shop opens at nine every day. 这家商店每天九点开门。
It seldom snows here. 这儿很少下雪。
(2)表示客观存在或普遍真理
Light travels are faster than sound. 光速比声速快。
Food easily goes bad in hot weather. 天气热时食物容易坏。(3)表示
主语的特征或状态
The picture looks very beautiful. 这幅画看起来很美。
Air contains oxygen and nitrogen. 空气含有氧和氮。
(4在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态
I'll tell her about it as soon as I see her.
When does the train arrive? 火车几点到?
(5) 用于图片说明或剧本中的动作提示和背景说明
INSIDE THE SHELTER: Stockton slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart.
防空洞中:斯道克顿慢慢转过身,面对他的妻子。那群人正在离去,而他们愤怒的尖叫声却还回响在他们的耳边。
(6) 电视节目直播解说
It's Carter to serve- he needs just one more point. He serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve!So the championshipgoes to 19-year-old Harry Carter.
该卡特发球了,他只需再得一分就赢了。他发球了,史密斯接球失误。多漂亮的发球!冠军属于了19岁的哈利-卡特。
现在进行时
1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语:now,at this time,days,etc. look . listen
3.基本结构:be+doing
4.否定形式:be+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
6.例句:How are you feeling today?
He is doing well in his lessons.
7.用法
表示现阶段正在进行的动作,通常用表示现阶段的时间状语,如:today,this week,this month,this year,this term,now等。如:
He is writing a novel now. 他目前正在写一部小说。
(2)进行时表示经常性的动作
进行时在表示经常性、重复性或习惯性的动作时必须与only,merely,simply,really,fast,rapidly,steadily,forever,all the time,always,constantly,continually,repeatedly等
频度副词连用。如:
She is always complaining. 她总是在抱怨。
(3)进行时表示按计划或已安排好要做的事
这一用法只适用于某些动词,如:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,spend,sail,meet,fly等。如:
The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火车走。
(4) 补充说明
[1] 在不少情况下,表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子,并没有“正在”这样的字眼,但在译为英语时必须用进行时态。如:
It's rainingheavily. 下大雨了。
How is everything going? 事情进展如何?
[2] 有些动词通常不能用进行时。不能用进行时的动词有:
表示感觉或感情的词,如:hear,see,smell,taste,feel,seem,notice,hate,love,like,want,wish,refuse,prefer,forgive等。
表示存在或所属的词,如:exist,stay,remain,obtain,have,own,form,contain等。
表示认识或理解的词,如:understand,know,remember,forget,believe,think,doubt等。
现在完成时
1.表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在的影响及产生的结果
2.肯定句:主语+have+过去分词、主语(第三人称单数)十has+过去分词
3.否定句:主语+ have not+过去分词、主语(第三人称单数)+ has not+过去分词
4.疑问句:Have+主语十过去分词、Has+主语(第三人称单数)+过去分词
5.用法
[1]完成时的这种用法通常与由since或for引导的时间状语连用。如:
The old man has lived here for more than twenty years.
老人已在此住了20多年了。
完成时的这种用法有时不带时间状语,有时可以和already,before,ever,just,lately,never,once,recently,yet等一些所指时间不具体的时间状语连用。如:
Have you ever been to Australia? 你去过澳大利亚吗?
[2] 有时完成时和now,today,this morning,this week,this year等的时间状语连用。如:
I haven' t seen him today. 我今天没见过他。
I have seen him only once this year. 我只见过他一次。
(3)完成时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作
I'll go to the party as soon as (or when) I have finished my homework.
我完成作业后就去参加聚会。
(4)完成时和until now,so far,in the past few years,up to the present等表示从某时到这段时间的
状语连用 I have not heard from her so far. 到目前为止,我没有收到过她的信。
We have learned five hundred words up to the present.到目前为止,我们已学了五百个生词。
但要注意:当意义明确时,适用完成时的句子可以不用时间状语。如:
He has done a lot of work. 他干了许多工作。
She has told me about her story. 她跟我讲过她的故事。
完成进行时
1.概念:表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始,也可能仍在继续,并可能延续到将来。
2.基本结构:have/has +been+doing
3.时间状语:since+时间点,for+时间段等。
4.例子:I have been sitting here for an hour.
The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.
5.用法
(1)
完成进行时表示从过去一直持续到的动作或刚刚结束的动作
I've been writing letters all this morning.我写了一上午信。(动作不再继续)
O'Neil is ill. He' s been lying in the bed for three weeks.奥尼尔在病中,已卧床3个星期了。(动作会继续下去)
完成进行时的这种用法所表示的并不是一直在进行的动作,而是断断续续地反复发生的动作。如:
What have you been doing all this time?你一直都在干什么来着?(动作可能继续下去)
That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years.这些年那个记者一直为这家杂志撰稿。(断断续续地反复发生的动作)
过去时
一般过去时
1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语:ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week,last(year,night,month…),in 1989,just now,at the age of 5,one day,long long ago,once upon a time,etc.
4.否定形式:was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.
一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用
助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。
6.例句:She often came to help us in those days.
I didn't know you were so busy.
7.用法
[1]一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:yesterday,last night(week,year,month,Sunday),then,at that time,at that moment,just now,a few days(weeks,months,years) ago等。例句:
Lucy turned off all the lights before she went out.
出门前露茜关了所有的灯。
[2]
一般过去时也可以与today,this week(month,year)等时间状语连用,但这些时间状语应指过去。如:
Did you see him today? 你今天见他了吗?(today指今天已过去的某一时刻)
[3]一般过去时还可以和for或since引导的时间状语连用。如:
I stayed there for two months. 我在那里呆了两个月。
Nothing happened since then. 打那以后什么事都没有发生。
(2) 有时一般过去时的时间状语或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中
Who was that? 那人是谁?
I saw Ker in town. 我在城里看见了克尔。
(3)
一般过去时在时间和
条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作或状态。
Hans said he would let us know if he got any news.
汉斯说要是得到消息就告诉我们。
过去进行时
1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语:at this time yesterday,at that time或以when引导的
谓语动词是
一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构 s+was/were+doing
4.否定形式:s+was/were + not + doing.
5.
一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写)
6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.
When he came in,I was reading a newspaper.
7.用法
[1]过去进行时通常和时间状语连用。如:
We were having dinner when they came.他们来的时候,我们正在吃饭。
[2]过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续的动作。如:
Carlos was staying at home all last week.上周整整一周卡洛斯都在家呆着。
They were building a dam last spring. 去年春天他们一直在修一个水坝。
[3]
过去进行时表示与过去某个动作同时发生的动作。如:
I was reading while she was writing. 我在读书,她在写字。
[4] 有时过去进行时用于主句,位于其后的when引导的
从句表示意外发生的情况:
I was walking in the street when it began to rain.我正在街上走着,突然下起了雨。
(2)过去进行时表示过去将来的动作
过去进行时的这种用法多表示过去的打算,通常仅限于come,go,leave,depart,start等一些表示移动的动词。如:
He didn't know whether she was coming. 他不知道她是否会来。
The delegation was departing three days later. 代表团打算三天后动身。
过去完成时
1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语:before,by the end of last year(term,month…),etc.
3.基本结构:had + done.
③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词+其他
4.否定形式:had + not + done.
6.例句:As soon as we got to the station,the train had left.
By the end of last month,We had reviewed four books
7.用法
When he got there,the train had already left.他到了那儿时火车已经离开了。
Ina realized she had made a mistake.艾娜意识到她犯了个错误。
had+just / barely / hardly / scarcely+done...when...,no sooner...than... 是表示“刚……就……”或“不等……就……”的固定句型。如:
No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.我们刚离开家就开始下雨了。
I had not gone much farther before I caught them up.我没有走多远就赶上他们了。
(3)
过去完成时表示持续到过去某时之前的动作或状态
We had finished the work by nine o'clock yesterday.昨晚九点前我们已完成了工作。
The company had completed the project by the end of 1999.到1999年底公司已完成了那个项目。
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.这个东西,我找了好多天才找着。
The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。
He was tired. He'd been working all day.他累了。他工作了一整天。
After he'd been lecturing for half an hour,Professor Brown had a drink of water.布朗教授讲了半小时课之后,他喝了一点水。
将来时
一般将来时
1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语:tomorrow,next day(week,month,year…),soon,in a few minutes,by…,the day after tomorrow,etc.
3.基本结构:
主语+am/is/are+going to + do;will/shall + do.
4.否定形式:am/is/are not going to do ;will/shall not do。
5.
一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。
6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.
7.用法
(1) 基本用法
[1]
一般将来时常用来表示将来时间的动作或状况。如:
。
[2]一般将来时用于
真实条件句和
时间状语从句的主句中表示将来的情况。如:
I'll tell you as soon as he comes. 他一来我就告诉你。
If you will wait for me,I shall come back soon.
如果你愿意等我,我马上就回来。
[4]
一般将来时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如:
The shop won't open until nine. 这家商店九点才会开门。
Children will be children. 孩子就是孩子。
这一结构表示打算或准备好要做的事或有迹象表明要发生的天气变化等情况。如:
What are you going to do during the summer holiday? 你暑假打算做什么? The train is going to arrive. 火车就要到了。
有些动词的现在进行时可以表示将要发生的动作,表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。这
类动词有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,spend,sail,meet,fly等。如:
Annie is coming to supper this evening. 安妮今晚要来吃饭。
这一结构可表示约定、命令或按计划要做的事。如:
When are they to come? 他们什么时候来?
We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约好在校门口见。
(5) be about to +动词原形
这一结构表示“即将做”或“马上做”的意思。如:
He is about to leave. 他马上就要动身。
The vacation is about to start. 假期即将开始。
将来进行时
将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。常表示已安排好之事,给人一种期待感。如:
What will you be doing this time tomorrow?明天这个时候你将做什么?
The train will be leaving in a second. 火车马上就开。
将来完成时
(1)
将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作,往往对将来某一时间产生影响。如:
I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.我将在本周末前读完这本书。
Before long,he will have forgotten all about the matter.过不久,他很快就会把这件事全然忘记。
(2)将来完成时表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态。如:
By the time he graduates,he will have studied French for four years.到他毕业的时候,他学法语就满四年了。
By the time Pierce comes back from the meeting,we will have waited here for three hours.到皮尔斯开会回来的时候,我们已经在这儿等了三个钟头了。
过去将来时
(1)
过去将来时表示过去某时之后将出现的情况,通常用于
宾语从句中。如:
I thought he would come. 我以为他会来。
Jenny never imagined that she would become a doctor.詹妮从没想到自己会当医生。
(2) 表示从过去某时刻将要发生的事情。如:
The old lady was fifty-eight then. In two years she would be sixty.老太太当时五十八岁,再过两年就六十了。
I didn’t think they would have any objection to it.我想他们不会有什么反对意见。
(3) 表示过去习惯性动作(不管什么人称都用would)。如:
Whenever he had time,Harris would go to see his grandmother.哈里斯一有时间就去看他奶奶。
Joanna would go for a walk aftershe had supper.乔安娜吃完晚饭总要去散步
转换
方式
规则
英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式: