奥塞内尔·查利斯·
马什(Othniel Charles Marsh,1831年10月29日—1899年3月18日)是一位著名的
古生物学家,他发现并命名了许多出土于
美国西部的化石。
马什出生于
纽约州洛克波特(Lockport)。1860年从
耶鲁学院
毕业,并且前往雪菲尔科学学校(Sheffield Scientific School)研读地质学与矿物学。之后又到到
柏林、
海德堡与
弗罗茨瓦夫研究古生物学与解剖学。
1866年,
马什回到
美国,并且成为
耶鲁大学的脊椎动物古生物学家。并说服他的叔叔乔治·皮巴第(George Peabody)在
耶鲁大学建立关于自然史的皮巴第博物馆(Peabody Museum)。
1871年5月,
马什发现了第一具
美洲翼龙的化石。同时他也发现了早期马类的遗骸。马什描述了一些白垩纪有齿鸟类(例如“鱼鸟”Ichthyornis与“黄昏鸟”Hesperornis)、飞行爬虫类,以及侏儸纪恐龙(例如
异特龙与迷惑龙)。
19世纪末,马什与当时的另一位古生物学家
爱德华·德克林·科普(Edward Drinker Cope)展开了一场激烈的化石发现竞赛,又称为“化石战争”(Bone Wars),他们俩人在这段期间发现了超过120个恐龙物种。而他自己就发现了80种物种
Marsh's finds formed the original core of the collection of Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History. The museum's Great Hall is dominated by the first fossil skeleton of Brontosaurus that he discovered, which was reclassified as Apatosaurus for a time. However, an extensive study published in 2015 concluded that Brontosaurus was a valid genus of sauropod distinct from Apatosaurus.「6」
He donated his home in New Haven, Connecticut, to Yale University in 1899. The Othniel C. Marsh House, now known as Marsh Hall, is designated a National Historic Landmark. The grounds are now known as the Marsh Botanical Garden.
Marsh named the following dinosaur genera:Allosaurus(1877),Ammosaurus(1890),Anchisaurus(1885),
Apatosaurus(1877),Atlantosaurus(1877),Barosaurus(1890),
Brontosaurus(1879),Camptosaurus(1885),Ceratops(1888),Ceratosaurus(1884),Claosaurus(1890),Coelurus(1879),Creosaurus(1878),
Diplodocus(1878),Diracodon(1881),Dryosaurus(1894),Dryptosaurus(1877),Labrosaurus(1896),Laosaurus(1878),Nanosaurus(1877),Nodosaurus(1889),Ornithomimus(1890),Pleurocoelus(1891),Priconodon(1888),
Stegosaurus(1877),Torosaurus(1891),
Triceratops(1889). He named the subordersCeratopsia(1890),Ceratosauria(1884),Ornithopoda(1881),Stegosauria(1877), andTheropoda. He also named the familiesAllosauridae(1878),Anchisauridae(1885),Camptosauridae(1885),Ceratopsidae(1890),Ceratosauridae,Coeluridae,Diplodocidae(1884),Dryptosauridae(1890),Nodosauridae(1890),Ornithomimidae(1890),Plateosauridae(1895), andStegosauridae(1880). He also named many individual species of dinosaurs. The dinosaurOthnieliawas named in 1977 by P. Galton as a tribute to Marsh, as wasMarshosaurus bicentesmus(Madsen, 1976).