分词就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词，尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n结尾的英语动词性形容词，具有形容词功能，同时又表现各种动词性特点，如时态、语态、带状语性修饰语的性能及带宾语的性能。分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种，是一种非谓语动词形式。现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”（不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成）。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。

分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、方式、伴随等。

分词（短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。.当现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,当所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。完成或被动关系用过去分词。

（1）现在分词The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.

（2）过去分词Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.

现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等从属连词。

When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……

Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.

Although workingvery hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.

分词作定语时，具有形容词的性质。单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语作定语，置于被修饰词的后面。现在分词表示主动、进行意义，及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动、完成意义，不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示完成意义。

现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及使役动词have后面，与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分，有三种形式，即动词原形，现在分词和过去分词。

动词原形表示主动和完成，现在分词表示主动或正在进行，过去分词表示被动或完成。

分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，特征；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。

例：The situation is encouraging.

The theory sounds quite convincing.

很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：

exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.

上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语, 修饰一个名词：

现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词, 相当于一个定语从句：

现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作：

现在分词短语还可以表示原因, 相当于一个原因状语从句：

现在分词短语还可以表示时间, 相当于一个时间状语从句：

现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语：

例如, see, hear, catch, find, keep , have 等.

过去分词也同样可以作宾语的补语， 接在某些动词后面

（ ） 1. __________ with the best students, I still have a long way to go.

A. Having compared B. To compare C. Compared D. Compare

（ ） 2. The music of the film _________ by him sounds so ___________ .

A. playing, exciting B. played, excited C. playing, excited D. played, exciting

（ ） 3. __________ against the coming hurricane, they didn't dare leave home.

A. Warned B. Having warned C. To warn D. Warn

（ ） 4. In __________ countries, you can’t always make yourself _______ by speaking English.

A. English-speaking, understand B. English-spoken, understand

C. English-speaking, understood D. English-spoken, understood

（ ）5. After _____________ the old man, the doctor suggested that he ___________ a bad cold.

A. examining, should catch B. examined, had caught

C. examining, had caught D. examined, catch

（ ） 6. _____________ , Tom jumped into the river and had a good time in it.

A. Be a good swimmer B. Being a good swimmer

C. Having been good swimmer D. To be a good swimmer

（ ） 7. ________ how to read the new words, I often look them up in the dictionary.

A. Having not known B. Not to know C. Don’t know D. Not knowing

（ ） 8. As his parent, you shouldn’t have your child ___________ such a book.

A. read B. to read C. reading D. be reading

（ ） 9. He returned from abroad ______________ that his mother had been badly ill.

A. heard B. having been heard C. having phoned D. having been phoned

答案:

1. C； 2. D； 3. A； 4. C； 5. C； 6. B； 7. D； 8. A； 9. D