肿头黑山龙属于
动物界,爬行动物类,生存于
三叠纪到
白垩纪。
开始时被列为爬行类的一目,但现在根据其骨盘构造的不同,可区分为蜥臀目(saurischia)和鸟臀目(Ornithischia)两目。过去所说的禽龙是根据R·欧文(R.Owen1912年)命名的。从三叠纪到白垩纪非常繁盛,白垩纪末绝灭。曾分布于6个大陆,适应各种环境,有肉食性的和草食性的。前肢比后肢短,多数只用后肢步行,但其中也有四肢步行的。侏罗纪以后出现了颈尾均长的巨大的类型(载域龙,Atloantosaurus体长30米以上,体重约50吨),牙齿深埋于齿槽内,并局限在颚骨的周缘。脊椎骨有双凹型、平凹型、后四型的区别,但其后代几乎都为后凹型。有的种类与鸟相近,骨中空,如霸王龙(Ty-rranosaurus),雷龙(Brontosaurus),禽龙(Ig-uanodon),剑龙(stegosaurus),钩龙(Ankylo-saurus),三角龙(Triceratops)等都是。在南库页岛产的日本龙(Nipponosaurus)是属于草食龙,是鸭嘴龙类之一种。日本长畸县高岛煤矿内有类似的小残片发现。
种类概要
许多的古生物学家相信恐龙形成单一的爬行动物族群,即恐龙类(Dinosauria)。它们与其它爬行动物最大区别在於它们的站立姿态与行进方式。恐龙具有全然直立的姿势,其四肢构建在其体躯的正下方位置。这样的架构要比那些其它种类的爬行动物,像是鳄类(其四肢向外侧伸展方式),在走路与奔跑上更有效益,更为方便。恐龙和其它灭绝的爬行动物能够明显的区分,主要是根据其腰带(骨盘构造)与四肢的骨骼学特徵,这些在演化上的发展,能够让恐龙得以站立奔走。
在传统上,恐龙被分类成两个族群:根据其髋骨(腰带)的构造,分为蜥臀类(像蜥蜴似的髋骨)与鸟臀类(像鸟类的髋骨)。最近,第三类的恐龙族群,慢龙类(Segnosaurischia)被提出,也是根据了腰带的构造而分类的。
在蜥臀类中,其腰带非常类似於现生的爬行动物,其髋骨系统中,耻骨伸前前方,而坐骨则伸向体躯的後方。在鸟臀类中,则具有较为复杂的腰带构造。其中髋骨系统中,耻骨已经转向体躯的後方,而与坐骨呈平行排列,与现生鸟类有些类似。同时鸟臀类在下颌骨也发展出了前齿骨。慢龙类(意即缓慢的,具蜥蜴腰带构造的,恐龙)则具有一种非常奇特的腰带构造,称之为後腰型(opisthopubic);其髂骨彼此相当的宽阔而分隔,其中前段非常深而长,而其尖端外外伸展成将近90度垂直位置。 慢龙类具有一个相当硕长的脖子,头颅相对的很小,而腰带特异,其耻骨与坐骨几近平行,甚而接合在一起。除了这个特殊的腰带构造而外,在其它骨骼构造上也有不同之处:颈椎与背椎都非常轻巧,而颈椎非常硕长其神经棘很短,小的头骨上,于上颌有纤细的牙齿排列。四肢具有四趾,每一趾都有长爪,均指向前方伸展。
中国的恐龙种属名录:
恐龙纲 [ClassDinosauria(Owen),1841] ◆蜥臀目 [OrderSaurischiaSeeley,1888] ◆兽脚亚目 SuborderTheropodaMarsh,1881 ◆虚骨龙次亚目 InfraorderCoelurosauriaHuene,1914 迅足龙科 FamilyPodokesauridaeHuene,1914 ⊙尹氏芦沟龙LukousaurusyiniYoung,1848 虚骨龙科FamilyCoeluridaeMarsh,1881 ⊙破碎中国虚骨龙SinocoelurusfragilisYoung,1942 ⊙原始川东虚骨龙ChuandongocoelurusprimitivusHe,1984 似鸟龙科 FamilyOrnithomimidaeMarsh,1890 ⊙亚洲古似鸟龙 Archaeornithomimusasiatiicus(Gilmore,1933)Russell,1972 偷蛋龙科 FamilyOviraptoridaeBarshold,1976 ⊙嗜角偷蛋龙 OviraptorphiloceratopOsborn,1924 驰龙科 FamilyDromaeosauridaeMattewetBrown,1922 ⊙艾里克敏捷龙 PhaedrolosaurusilikensisDong,1973 ⊙小巧吐谷鲁龙TugulusaurusfacilesDong,1973 ⊙蒙古疾走龙 VelociraptormongoliensisOsborn,1924 ◆肉食龙次亚目 InfraorderCarnosauriavonHuene,1920 巨齿龙科FamilyMegalosauridaeHuxley,1870 ⊙三叠中国龙 SinosaurustriassicusYoung,1948 ⊙中国只脊龙 DilophosaurussinensisHu,1992 ⊙建设气龙GasosaurusconstructusDongetTang,1985 ⊙七里峡宣汉龙 XuanhanosaurusqilixiaensisDong,1984 异特龙科FamilyAllosauridaeMarsh,1879 ⊙上游永川龙YangchuanosaurusshangyouensisDonget.al.,1978 ⊙巨型永川龙YangchuanosaurusmagusDonget.al.,1983 ⊙甘氏四川龙SzechuanosauruscampiYoung,1942 ⊙石油克拉玛依龙KelmayisauruspetrolicusDong,1973 ⊙大水沟吉兰龙ChilantaisaurustashikouensisHu,1964 ⊙毛儿图吉兰泰龙ChiantaisaurusmaortuensisHu,1964 ⊙浙江吉兰泰龙ChilantaisauruszhejiangensisDong,1979 ⊙破碎金刚口龙ChingkankousaurusfragilisYoung,1958 ⊙广西原恐齿龙ProdeinodonKwangshiensisHouet.al.,1975 鄯善龙科FamilyShanshanosauridaeDong,1977 ⊙火焰山鄯善龙ShanshanosaurushuoyanshanensisDong,1977 暴龙科 FamilyTyrannosauridaeOsborn,1905 ⊙威肋阿尔伯脱龙AlbertosauruspericulosusRiabinin,1930 ⊙奥氏鹰龙AlectrosaurusolseniGilmore,1933 ?谚锎ū┝?TyrannosaurusluanchuanensisDong,1979 ⊙霸王龙相似种Tyrannosauruscf.T.rexHu,1973 ⊙特暴龙未定种Tarbosaurussp.Maleev,1955 ◆蜥脚形亚目SuborderSauropodomorphavonHuene,1932 ◆原蜥脚次亚目 InfraorderProsauropodavonHuene,1920 板龙科 FamilyPlatesauridaeMarsh,1895 ⊙许氏禄丰龙LufengosaurushueneiYoung,1941 ⊙巨型禄丰龙LufengosaurusmagnusYoung,1947 云南龙科FamilyYunnanosauridaeYoung,1942 ⊙黄氏云南龙YunnanosaurushuangiYoung,1942 ⊙巨硕云南龙YunnanosaurusmagnusYoung,1947 近蜥龙科FamilyAnchisauridaeMarsh,1885 ⊙中国近蜥龙(兀龙)Anchisaurus(Gyposaurus)sinensisYoung,1941 美兰龙科FamilyMelanrosauridaevonHuene,1929 ⊙中和金沙江龙ChinshakiangosauruszhongheensisElaao,1956 ◆蜥脚次亚目InfraorderSauropodaMarsh,1878 圆顶龙科FamilyCamarasauridaeCope,1877 蜀龙亚科SubfamilyShunosaurinaeMclntosh,1990 ⊙武定昆明龙KunmingosauruswudingensisZhao,1985 ⊙炎齿原颌龙Protognathosaurusoxyodon(Zhang,188)Olshevsky,1991 ⊙岳氏三巴龙SanpasaurusyoaiYoung,1944 ⊙船城资中龙ZizhongosauruschuanchengensisDongetal.,1983 ⊙李氏蜀龙ShunosaurusliiDong,et.al.,1983 似鲸龙亚科SubfamilyCetiosaurinaeLydekker,1888 ⊙巴以酋龙DatousaurusbashanensisDongetTang,1984 巧龙亚科SubfamilyBellusaurinaeDong,1986 马门溪龙科FamilyMamenchisauridaeYoungetChao,1972 马门溪龙亚科SubfamilyMamenchisaurinaeDong,1992 峨嵋龙属 GenusOmeisaurusYoung,1939 ⊙荣县峨嵋龙OmeisaurusjunghsiensisYoung,1939 ⊙斧溪峨嵋龙OmeisaurusfuxiensisDonget.al.,1983 ⊙天府峨嵋龙OmeisaurustianfuensisHeet.al.,1984 ⊙罗泉峨嵋龙OmeisaurusluoquanensisLi,1988 马门溪龙属GenusMamenchisaurusYoung,1954 ⊙建设马门溪龙MamenchisaurusconstructusYoung,1954 ⊙合川马门溪龙ManenchisaurushochuanensisYoungetZhao,1972 盘足龙亚科SubfamilyEuhelopodinaeRomer,1956 ⊙奇台天山龙TienshanosauruschitaiensisYoung,1937 ⊙戈壁克拉美丽龙KlamelisaurusgobiensisZhao,1993 ⊙湖泊嘉裕龙ChiayusauruslacstrisBohlin,1953 ⊙师氏盘足龙EuhelopuszdanskyiWiman,1929 ⊙广西亚洲龙AsiatosauruskwangshiensisHouet.al.,1975 ⊙坦齿蒙古龙MongolosaurushoplodonGilmore,1933 梁龙科FamilyDiplodocidaeMarsh,1884 巨龙亚科SubfamilyTitanosaurinaeNopcsa,1928 ⊙耙齿纳摩盖吐龙NemegtosauruspachiDong,1977 ◆鸟臀目[OrderOrnithischiaSeeley,1887] ◆鸟脚亚目SuborderornithopodaMarsh,1871 异齿龙科FamilyHeterodontosauridaeRomer,1966 ⊙禄丰滇中龙DiachongosauruslufengensisYoung,1982 棱齿龙科FamilyHypsilophodontidaeDollo,1882 ⊙大山?m??龙XiaosaurusdashanpensisDongetTang,1984 ⊙鸿鹤盐都龙YandusaurushungheensisHe,1979 ⊙拾遗工部龙GongbusaurusshiyiiDonget.al.,1983 ⊙五彩湾工部龙GongbusauruswucalwanensisDong,1989 ⊙兰氏灵龙AgilisauruslouderbackiPeng,1990 禽龙科FamilyIguanodontidaeCope,1869 原巴克龙属GenusProbactrosaurusRozhdestvensky,1966 ⊙戈壁原巴克龙ProbactrosaurusgobiensisRozhdestvensky,1966 ⊙阿拉善原巴克龙ProbactrosaurusalashanicusRozhdestvensky,1966 鸭嘴龙科FamilyHadrosauridaeCope,1869 鸭嘴龙亚科SubfamilyHadrosaurinaeLambe,1918 ⊙姜氏巴克龙BactrosaurusjohnsoniGlmore,1933 ⊙黑龙江满洲龙MandschurosaurusamurensisRiabinin,1930 ⊙蒙古计氏龙GilmoreosaurusmongoliensisBrett-Surman,1975 谭氏龙属GenusTaniusWiman,1929 ⊙中国谭氏龙TaniussinensisWiman,1929 ⊙金刚口谭氏龙TaniuschingkankoensisYoung,1958 ⊙莱阳谭氏龙TaniuslaiyangensisZhen,1976 ⊙南雄小鸭嘴龙MicrohadrosaurusnanshiungensisDong,1979 ⊙巨型山东龙ShantungosaurusgiganteusHu,1974 栉龙亚科SubfamilySaurolophinaeBrown,1914 ⊙富蕴牙克煞龙JaxartosaurusfuyanensisWu,1972 ⊙棘鼻青岛龙TsintaosaurusspinorhinusYoung,1958 ◆剑龙亚目SuborderstegosauriaMarsh,1880 华阳龙科FamilyHuayangosauridaeGalton,1990 ⊙奥氏大地龙TatisaurusoehleriSimmons,1965 ⊙太白华阳龙HuayangosaurustaibaiiDong,et.al.,1982 剑龙科FamilystegosauridaeMarsh,1877 ⊙凹甲剑节龙StegosauridesexcavatusBohlin,1953 ⊙关氏嘉陵龙ChialingosauruskuaniYoung,1959 ⊙多棘沱江龙TuojiangosaurusmultispinusDong,et.al.,1977 ⊙江北重庆龙ChungkingosaurusjiangbeiensisDong,et.al.,1983 ⊙平坦乌尔禾龙WuerhosaurushomheniDong,1973 ⊙拉乌拉芒康龙MonokosauruslawulacusChao,1983 ◆甲龙亚目SuborderAnkylosauriaOsborn,1923 甲龙科FamilyAnkylosauridaeBrown,1903 ⊙明星天池龙TianchiasaurusnedegoapeferimaDong,1993 ⊙薄甲北山龙PeishansaurusphilemysBohlin,1953 ⊙谷氏绘龙PinacosaurusgrangeriGilmore,1933 ⊙结节蜥甲龙SauroplitesscutigerBohlin,1953 ⊙肿头黑山龙HeishanosauruspachycephalusBohlin,1953 ◆角龙亚目SuborderCeratopsiaMarsh,1890 朝阳龙科FamilychaoyangosauridaeZhao,1983 ⊙辽西朝阳龙ChaoyangosaurusliaoxinensisZhao,1983 鹦鹉嘴龙科FamilyPsittacosauridaeOsborn,1924 ⊙蒙古鹦鹉嘴龙PsittacosaurusmongoliensisOsborn,1923 ⊙中国鹦鹉嘴龙PsittacosaurussinensissYoung,1953 ⊙奥氏鹦鹉嘴龙PsittacosaurusosborniYoung,1931 ⊙固阳鹦鹉嘴龙PsittacosaurusgugangensisZhen,1981 ⊙新疆鹦鹉嘴龙PsittacosaurusxingiangensisSerenoet.Chao,1988 ⊙梅勒营鹦鹉嘴龙PsittacosaurusmeileyingensisSerenoet.al.,1988 原角龙科FamilyProtoceratopsidaeGrangeretGregory,1923 ⊙戈壁微角龙MicroceratopsgobiensisBohlin,1953 ⊙凹齿微角龙MicroceratopssulcidensBohlin,1953 ⊙安氏原角龙ProtoceratopsandrewsiGrangeretGregory,1923 ◆肿头龙亚目SuborderPachycephalosauriaOsmolskaetMaryansky,1976 平头龙科FamilyHomalocephalidaeDong,1978 ⊙红土崖小肿头龙MicropachycephalosaurushongtuyanensisDong,1978 ⊙岩寺皖南龙WannanosaurusyangsiensisHou,1977 ◆慢龙目OrderSegnosauria(BarsboldetPerly,1980)Dong,1992 南雄龙科FamilyNanshiungosauridaeDong,1995 ⊙短棘南雄龙NanshiungosaurusbrevisinusDong,1979